Photovoltaic efficiencies of microwave and Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) superstrate solar cells

Organic and inorganic materials such as perovskites, copper indium gallium diselenide, cadmium telluride, zinc tin sulfide/selenide (CZTS/Se) have been employed to capture unlimited sunlight through the photovoltaic effect. CZTS/Se is regarded most promising, environmentally friendly, abundant candidate with high absorption coefficient tunable bandgap for generation of solar energy. Superstrate architectures numerous advantages over substrate this reason; it offers a promising route producing cells at relatively low cost. This article reviews state-of-the-art knowledge on synthesis, crystal structure, electronic properties, defects, secondary phases CZTS. The CZTS cell device architecture mechanism superstrate configurations were also covered in review. preparation via vacuum non-vacuum methods, well their efficiencies critically discussed. microwave synthesis characterization nanoparticles reviewed respect effect temperature, surfactant, reagents physical properties nanomaterials. application microwave-synthesized advancement thin film was examined. Finally, challenges prospects presented.